This site uses cookies, tags, and tracking settings to store information that help give you the very best browsing experience. Dismiss this warning

Cerebral microdialysis combined with single-neuron and electroencephalographic recording in neurosurgical patients

Technical note

Itzhak Fried Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Itzhak Fried in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D., Ph.D.
,
Charles L. Wilson Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Charles L. Wilson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 Ph.D.
,
Nigel T. Maidment Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Nigel T. Maidment in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 Ph.D.
,
Jerome Engel Jr. Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Jerome Engel Jr. in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D., Ph.D.
,
Eric Behnke Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Eric Behnke in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 B.S.
,
Tony A. Fields Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Tony A. Fields in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Katherine A. Macdonald Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Katherine A. Macdonald in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 Ph.D.
,
Jack W. Morrow Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Jack W. Morrow in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.S.
, and
Larry Ackerson Division of Neurosurgery and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Search for other papers by Larry Ackerson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 B.S.
Page Range:
697–705
Volume/Issue:
Volume 91: Issue 4
DOI link:
https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.91.4.0697
Restricted access

Purchase Now

USD  $45.00

JNS + Pediatrics - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

USD  $536.00

JNS + Pediatrics + Spine - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

USD  $636.00
Click here for subscription options

  • Purchase Now

    USD  $45.00

  • JNS + Pediatrics - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

    USD  $536.00

  • JNS + Pediatrics + Spine - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

    USD  $636.00
USD  $45.00
USD  $536.00
USD  $636.00
Print or Print + Online Sign in

✓ Monitoring physiological changes in the brain parenchyma has important applications in the care of neurosurgical patients. A technique is described for measuring extracellular neurochemicals by cerebral microdialysis with simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) and single-unit (neuron) activity in selected targets in the human brain. Forty-two patients with medically intractable epilepsy underwent stereotactically guided implantation of a total of 423 intracranial depth electrodes to delineate potentially resectable seizure foci. The electrodes had platinum alloy contacts for EEG recordings and four to nine 40-µm microwires for recording single-unit neuron activity. Eighty-six electrodes also included microdialysis probes introduced via the electrode lumens. During monitoring on the neurosurgical ward, electrophysiological recording and cerebral microdialysis sampling were performed during seizures, cognitive tasks, and sleep—waking cycles. The technique described here could be used in developing novel approaches for evaluation and treatment in a variety of neurological conditions such as head injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epilepsy, and movement disorders.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
Publish Before Print
Volume: 142 (2025)
Show Items
Volume: 141 (2024)
Show Items
Volume: 140 (2024)
Show Items
Volume: 139 (2023)
Show Items
Volume: 138 (2023)
Show Items
Volume: 137 (2022)
Show Items
Volume: 136 (2022)
Show Items
Volume: 135 (2021)
Show Items
Volume: 134 (2021)
Show Items
Volume: 133 (2020)
Show Items
Volume: 132 (2020)
Show Items
Volume: 131 (2019)
Show Items
Volume: 130 (2019)
Show Items
Volume: 129 (2018)
Show Items
Volume: 128 (2018)
Show Items
Volume: 127 (2017)
Show Items
Volume: 126 (2017)
Show Items
Volume: 125 (2016)
Show Items
Volume: 124 (2016)
Show Items
Volume: 123 (2015)
Show Items
Volume: 122 (2015)
Show Items
Volume: 121 (2014)
Show Items
Volume: 120 (2014)
Show Items
Volume: 119 (2013)
Show Items
Volume: 118 (2013)
Show Items
Volume: 117 (2012)
Show Items
Volume: 116 (2012)
Show Items
Volume: 115 (2011)
Show Items
Volume: 114 (2011)
Show Items
Volume: 113 (2010)
Show Items
Volume: 112 (2010)
Show Items
Volume: 111 (2009)
Show Items
Volume: 110 (2009)
Show Items
Volume: 109 (2008)
Show Items
Volume: 108 (2008)
Show Items
Volume: 107 (2007)
Show Items
Volume: 106 (2007)
Show Items
Volume: 105 (2006)
Show Items
Volume: 104 (2006)
Show Items
Volume: 103 (2005)
Show Items
Volume: 102 (2005)
Show Items
Volume: 101 (2004)
Show Items
Volume: 100 (2004)
Show Items
Volume: 99 (2003)
Show Items
Volume: 98 (2003)
Show Items
Volume: 97 (2002)
Show Items
Volume: 96 (2002)
Show Items
Volume: 95 (2001)
Show Items
Volume: 94 (2001)
Show Items
Volume: 93 (2000)
Show Items
Volume: 92 (2000)
Show Items
Volume: 91 (1999)
Show Items
Volume: 90 (1999)
Show Items
Volume: 89 (1998)
Show Items
Volume: 88 (1998)
Show Items
Volume: 87 (1997)
Show Items
Volume: 86 (1997)
Show Items
Volume: 85 (1996)
Show Items
Volume: 84 (1996)
Show Items
Volume: 83 (1995)
Show Items
Volume: 82 (1995)
Show Items
Volume: 81 (1994)
Show Items
Volume: 80 (1994)
Show Items
Volume: 79 (1993)
Show Items
Volume: 78 (1993)
Show Items
Volume: 77 (1992)
Show Items
Volume: 76 (1992)
Show Items
Volume: 75 (1991)
Show Items
Volume: 74 (1991)
Show Items
Volume: 73 (1990)
Show Items
Volume: 72 (1990)
Show Items
Volume: 71 (1989)
Show Items
Volume: 70 (1989)
Show Items
Volume: 69 (1988)
Show Items
Volume: 68 (1988)
Show Items
Volume: 67 (1987)
Show Items
Volume: 66 (1987)
Show Items
Volume: 65 (1986)
Show Items
Volume: 64 (1986)
Show Items
Volume: 63 (1985)
Show Items
Volume: 62 (1985)
Show Items
Volume: 61 (1984)
Show Items
Volume: 60 (1984)
Show Items
Volume: 59 (1983)
Show Items
Volume: 58 (1983)
Show Items
Volume: 57 (1982)
Show Items
Volume: 56 (1982)
Show Items
Volume: 55 (1981)
Show Items
Volume: 54 (1981)
Show Items
Volume: 53 (1980)
Show Items
Volume: 52 (1980)
Show Items
Volume: 51 (1979)
Show Items
Volume: 50 (1979)
Show Items
Volume: 49 (1978)
Show Items
Volume: 48 (1978)
Show Items
Volume: 47 (1977)
Show Items
Volume: 46 (1977)
Show Items
Volume: 45 (1976)
Show Items
Volume: 44 (1976)
Show Items
Volume: 43 (1975)
Show Items
Volume: 42 (1975)
Show Items
Volume: 41 (1974)
Show Items
Volume: 40 (1974)
Show Items
Volume: 39 (1973)
Show Items
Volume: 38 (1973)
Show Items
Volume: 37 (1972)
Show Items
Volume: 36 (1972)
Show Items
Volume: 35 (1971)
Show Items
Volume: 34 (1971)
Show Items
Volume: 33 (1970)
Show Items
Volume: 32 (1970)
Show Items
Volume: 31 (1969)
Show Items
Volume: 30 (1969)
Show Items
Volume: 29 (1968)
Show Items
Volume: 28 (1968)
Show Items
Volume: 27 (1967)
Show Items
Volume: 26 (1967)
Show Items
Volume: 25 (1966)
Show Items
Volume: 24 (1966)
Show Items
Volume: 23 (1965)
Show Items
Volume: 22 (1965)
Show Items
Volume: 21 (1964)
Show Items
Volume: 20 (1963)
Show Items
Volume: 19 (1962)
Show Items
Volume: 18 (1961)
Show Items
Volume: 17 (1960)
Show Items
Volume: 16 (1959)
Show Items
Volume: 15 (1958)
Show Items
Volume: 14 (1957)
Show Items
Volume: 13 (1956)
Show Items
Volume: 12 (1955)
Show Items
Volume: 11 (1954)
Show Items
Volume: 10 (1953)
Show Items
Volume: 9 (1952)
Show Items
Volume: 8 (1951)
Show Items
Volume: 7 (1950)
Show Items
Volume: 6 (1949)
Show Items
Volume: 5 (1948)
Show Items
Volume: 4 (1947)
Show Items
Volume: 3 (1946)
Show Items
Volume: 2 (1945)
Show Items
Volume: 1 (1944)
Show Items

Contributor Notes

Address reprint requests to: Itzhak Fried, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Neurosurgery, Box 957039, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095–7039. email: ifried@mednet.ucla.edu.
  • 1.

    Carlson H, , Ronne-Engström E, & Ungerstedt U, et al: Seizure related elevations of extracellular amino acids in human focal epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 140:30–32, 1992 Carlson H, Ronne-Engström E, Ungerstedt U, et al: Seizure related elevations of extracellular amino acids in human focal epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 140:30–32, 1992

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Choi DW: Excitotoxic cell death. J Neurobiol 23:1261–1276, 1992 Choi DW: Excitotoxic cell death. J Neurobiol 23:1261–1276, 1992

  • 3.

    Connelly CA: Microdialysis update: optimizing the advantages. J Physiol 514:303, 1999 Connelly CA: Microdialysis update: optimizing the advantages. J Physiol 514:303, 1999

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Do KQ, , Klancnik JM, & Gähwiler B, et al: Release of excitatory amino acids. Animal studies and epileptic foci studies in humans, in Meldrum BS, , Moroni F, & Simon RP, et al (eds): Excitatory Amino Acids. Fidia Research Foundation Symposium Series, Vol 5. New York: Raven Press, 1991, pp 677–685 Do KQ, Klancnik JM, Gähwiler B, et al: Release of excitatory amino acids. Animal studies and epileptic foci studies in humans, in Meldrum BS, Moroni F, Simon RP, et al (eds): Excitatory Amino Acids. Fidia Research Foundation Symposium Series, Vol 5. New York: Raven Press, 1991, pp 677–685

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    During MJ: In vivo neurochemistry of the conscious human brain: intrahippocampal microdialysis in epilepsy, in Robinson TE, & Justice JB Jr (eds): Microdialysis in the Neurosciences. Techniques in the Behavioral and Neurosciences, Vol 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991, pp 425–442 During MJ: In vivo neurochemistry of the conscious human brain: intrahippocampal microdialysis in epilepsy, in Robinson TE, Justice JB Jr (eds): Microdialysis in the Neurosciences. Techniques in the Behavioral and Neurosciences, Vol 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991, pp 425–442

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    During MJ, , Fried I, & Leone P, et al: Indirect measurement of extracellular lactate in the human hippocampus during spontaneous seizures. J Neurochem 62:2356–2361, 1994 During MJ, Fried I, Leone P, et al: Indirect measurement of extracellular lactate in the human hippocampus during spontaneous seizures. J Neurochem 62:2356–2361, 1994

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    During MJ, , Ryder KM, & Spencer DD: Hippocampal GABA transporter function in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Nature 376:174–177, 1995 During MJ, Ryder KM, Spencer DD: Hippocampal GABA transporter function in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Nature 376:174–177, 1995

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    During MJ, & Spencer DD: Extracellular hippocampal glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brain. Lancet 341:1607–1610, 1993 During MJ, Spencer DD: Extracellular hippocampal glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brain. Lancet 341:1607–1610, 1993

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Engel J Jr: Appendix 2: presurgical evaluation protocols (University of California, Los Angeles), in Engel J Jr (ed): Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies, ed 2. New York: Raven Press, 1993, pp 743–745 Engel J Jr: Appendix 2: presurgical evaluation protocols (University of California, Los Angeles), in Engel J Jr (ed): Surgical Treatment of the Epilepsies, ed 2. New York: Raven Press, 1993, pp 743–745

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Engel J Jr: Surgery for seizures. N Engl J Med 334:647–652, 1996 Engel J Jr: Surgery for seizures. N Engl J Med 334:647–652, 1996

  • 11.

    Fried I, , MacDonald KA, & Wilson CL: Single neuron activity in human hippocampus and amygdala during recognition of faces and objects. Neuron 18:753–765, 1997 Fried I, MacDonald KA, Wilson CL: Single neuron activity in human hippocampus and amygdala during recognition of faces and objects. Neuron 18:753–765, 1997

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Fried I, , Wilson CW, & Zhang JX, et al: Implantation of depth electrodes for EEG recording, in De Salles AAF, & Goetsch SJ (eds): Stereotactic Surgery and Radiosurgery. Madison: Medical Physics Publishing, 1993, pp 149–158 Fried I, Wilson CW, Zhang JX, et al: Implantation of depth electrodes for EEG recording, in De Salles AAF, Goetsch SJ (eds): Stereotactic Surgery and Radiosurgery. Madison: Medical Physics Publishing, 1993, pp 149–158

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Gao D, , Benazzouz A, & Bressand K, et al: Roles of GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine and STN stimulation on thalamic VM in rats. Neuroreport 8:2601–2605, 1997 Gao D, Benazzouz A, Bressand K, et al: Roles of GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine and STN stimulation on thalamic VM in rats. Neuroreport 8:2601–2605, 1997

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Hamilton ME, , Mele A, & Pert A: Striatal extracellular dopamine in conscious vs. anesthetized rats: effects of chloral hydrate anesthetic on responses to drugs of different classes. Brain Res 597:1–7, 1992 Hamilton ME, Mele A, Pert A: Striatal extracellular dopamine in conscious vs. anesthetized rats: effects of chloral hydrate anesthetic on responses to drugs of different classes. Brain Res 597:1–7, 1992

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Herbison AE, , Heavens RP, & Dyer RG: Endogenous release of γ-aminobutyric acid from the medial preoptic area measured by microdialysis in the anesthetized rat. J Neurochem 55:1617–1623, 1990 Herbison AE, Heavens RP, Dyer RG: Endogenous release of γ-aminobutyric acid from the medial preoptic area measured by microdialysis in the anesthetized rat. J Neurochem 55:1617–1623, 1990

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Hillered L, , Persson L, & Pontén U, et al: Neurometabolic monitoring of the ischaemic human brain using microdialysis. Acta Neurochir 102:91–97, 1990 Hillered L, Persson L, Pontén U, et al: Neurometabolic monitoring of the ischaemic human brain using microdialysis. Acta Neurochir 102:91–97, 1990

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Hutchison WD, , Lozano AM, & Davis KD, et al: Differential neuronal activity in segments of globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease patients. Neuroreport 5:1533–1537, 1994 Hutchison WD, Lozano AM, Davis KD, et al: Differential neuronal activity in segments of globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease patients. Neuroreport 5:1533–1537, 1994

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Krack P, , Pollak P, & Limousin P, et al: Subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidal stimulation in young onset Parkinson's disease. Brain 121:451–457, 1998 Krack P, Pollak P, Limousin P, et al: Subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidal stimulation in young onset Parkinson's disease. Brain 121:451–457, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Landolt H, , Langemann H, & Gratzl O: On-line monitoring of cerebral pH by microdialysis. Neurosurgery 32:1000–1004, 1993 Landolt H, Langemann H, Gratzl O: On-line monitoring of cerebral pH by microdialysis. Neurosurgery 32:1000–1004, 1993

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Lange KW, , Kornhuber J, & Riederer P: Dopamine/glutamate interactions in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:393–400, 1997 Lange KW, Kornhuber J, Riederer P: Dopamine/glutamate interactions in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:393–400, 1997

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Limousin P, , Pollak P, & Benazzouz A, et al: Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for severe Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 10:672–674, 1995 Limousin P, Pollak P, Benazzouz A, et al: Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for severe Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 10:672–674, 1995

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Lozano AM, , Lang AE, & Hutchison WD, et al: Microelectrode recording-guided posteroventral pallidotomy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 74:167–174, 1997 Lozano AM, Lang AE, Hutchison WD, et al: Microelectrode recording-guided posteroventral pallidotomy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 74:167–174, 1997

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    McNaughton BL, , O'Keefe J, & Barnes CA: The stereotrode: a new technique for simultaneous isolation of several single units in the central nervous system from multiple unit records. J Neurosci Methods 8:391–397, 1983 McNaughton BL, O'Keefe J, Barnes CA: The stereotrode: a new technique for simultaneous isolation of several single units in the central nervous system from multiple unit records. J Neurosci Methods 8:391–397, 1983

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Meldrum BS: The role of glutamate in epilepsy and other CNS disorders. Neurology 44 (Suppl 8):S14–S23, 1994 Meldrum BS: The role of glutamate in epilepsy and other CNS disorders. Neurology 44 (Suppl 8):S14–S23, 1994

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Mendelowitsch A, , Mergner GW, & Shuaib A, et al: Cortical brain microdialysis and temperature monitoring during hypothermic circulatory arrest in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:611–618, 1998 Mendelowitsch A, Mergner GW, Shuaib A, et al: Cortical brain microdialysis and temperature monitoring during hypothermic circulatory arrest in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 64:611–618, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Ojemann GA, , Ojemann SG, & Fried I: Lessons from the human brain: neuronal activity related to cognition. Neuroscientist 4:285–300, 1998 Ojemann GA, Ojemann SG, Fried I: Lessons from the human brain: neuronal activity related to cognition. Neuroscientist 4:285–300, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Olney JW: Excitotoxins: an overview, in Fuxe K, , Roberts PJ, & Schwarcz R (eds): Excitotoxins. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, pp 82–96 Olney JW: Excitotoxins: an overview, in Fuxe K, Roberts PJ, Schwarcz R (eds): Excitotoxins. New York: Plenum Press, 1984, pp 82–96

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Persson L, & Hillered L: Chemical monitoring of neurosurgical intensive care patients using intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurosurg 76:72–80, 1992 Persson L, Hillered L: Chemical monitoring of neurosurgical intensive care patients using intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurosurg 76:72–80, 1992

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Persson L, , Valtysson J, & Enblad P, et al: Neurochemical monitoring using intracerebral microdialysis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 84:606–616, 1996 Persson L, Valtysson J, Enblad P, et al: Neurochemical monitoring using intracerebral microdialysis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 84:606–616, 1996

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Rechtschaffen A, & Kales A (eds): A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. National Institutes of Health Publications No. 204. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Neurological Information Network, 1968 Rechtschaffen A, Kales A (eds): A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. National Institutes of Health Publications No. 204. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, Neurological Information Network, 1968

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Ronne-Engström E, , Hillered E, & Flink L, et al: Intracerebral microdialysis of extracellular amino acids in the human epileptic focus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:873–876, 1992 Ronne-Engström E, Hillered E, Flink L, et al: Intracerebral microdialysis of extracellular amino acids in the human epileptic focus. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:873–876, 1992

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Taha JM, , Favre J, & Baumann TK, et al: Characteristics and somatotopic organization of kinesthetic cells in the globus pallidus of patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 85:1005–1012, 1996 Taha JM, Favre J, Baumann TK, et al: Characteristics and somatotopic organization of kinesthetic cells in the globus pallidus of patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 85:1005–1012, 1996

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Vespa P, , Prins M, & Ronne-Engstrom E, et al: Increase in extra-cellular glutamate caused by reduced cerebral perfusion pressure and seizures after human traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study. J Neurosurg 89:971–982, 1998 Vespa P, Prins M, Ronne-Engstrom E, et al: Increase in extra-cellular glutamate caused by reduced cerebral perfusion pressure and seizures after human traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study. J Neurosurg 89:971–982, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 34.

    Vespa PM, , Nuwer MR, & Juhász C, et al: Early detection of vasospasm after acute subarachnoid hemorrhage using continuous EEG ICU monitoring. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 103:607–615, 1997 Vespa PM, Nuwer MR, Juhász C, et al: Early detection of vasospasm after acute subarachnoid hemorrhage using continuous EEG ICU monitoring. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 103:607–615, 1997

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 35.

    Vespa PM, , Nuwer MR, & Nenov V, et al: Incidence of nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures in the ICU following traumatic brain injury: increased incidence detected by continuous EEG monitoring. Crit Care Med 25 (Suppl):120, 1997 (Abstract) Vespa PM, Nuwer MR, Nenov V, et al: Incidence of nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures in the ICU following traumatic brain injury: increased incidence detected by continuous EEG monitoring. Crit Care Med 25 (Suppl):120, 1997 (Abstract)

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 36.

    Vitek JL, , Bakay RAE, & Hashimoto T, et al: Microelectrodeguided pallidotomy: technical approach and its application in medically intractable Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 88:1027–1043, 1998 Vitek JL, Bakay RAE, Hashimoto T, et al: Microelectrodeguided pallidotomy: technical approach and its application in medically intractable Parkinson's disease. J Neurosurg 88:1027–1043, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 37.

    Whittle IR, , Glasby M, & Lammie A, et al: Neuropathological findings after intracerebral implantation of microdialysis catheters. Neuroreport 9:2821–2825, 1998 Whittle IR, Glasby M, Lammie A, et al: Neuropathological findings after intracerebral implantation of microdialysis catheters. Neuroreport 9:2821–2825, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 38.

    Wilson CL, , Maidment NT, & Shomer MH, et al: Comparison of seizure related amino acid release in human epileptic hippocampus versus a chronic, kainate rat model of hippocampal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 26:245–254, 1996 Wilson CL, Maidment NT, Shomer MH, et al: Comparison of seizure related amino acid release in human epileptic hippocampus versus a chronic, kainate rat model of hippocampal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 26:245–254, 1996

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 2825 886 167
Full Text Views 530 46 1
PDF Downloads 401 60 0
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0