Sex differences in outcome following sports-related concussion

Donna K. Broshek Ph.D. 1 , Tanya Kaushik Psy.D. 1 , Jason R. Freeman Ph.D. 1 , David Erlanger Ph.D. 1 , Frank Webbe Ph.D. 1 and Jeffrey T. Barth Ph.D. 1
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  • 1 Department of Psychiatric Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia; HeadMinder, Inc., New York; Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York; and Department of Psychology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.102.5.0856
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Object. Females comprise an increasing percentage of the athlete population across all age groups, and analysis of recent literature reveals that they sustain more concussions in collegiate sports. Results of human and animal studies indicate that females may have poorer outcomes after traumatic brain injury; however, no return-to-play guideline takes sex or other individual differences into account. In the present study the authors evaluated the influence of patient sex on objective neurocognitive performance and subjective reporting of symptoms following sports-related concussion.

Methods. According to preseason baseline neurocognitive computerized testing in 2340 male and female high school and collegiate athletes, individuals who sustained sports-related concussions (155 persons) were reevaluated using an alternate form of the cognitive test. Sex differences in the magnitude of cognitive change from baseline levels and the subjective experience of symptoms were analyzed. To account for the possible protective effects of helmets, comparisons were performed among females, males with helmets, and males without helmets; none of the female athletes wore helmets.

Female athletes had significantly greater declines in simple and complex reaction times relative to preseason baseline levels, and they reported more postconcussion symptoms compared with males. As a group, females were cognitively impaired approximately 1.7 times more frequently than males following concussions. Furthermore, females experienced more objective and subjective adverse effects from concussion even after adjusting for the use of helmets by some groups of male athletes (for example, in football).

Conclusions. Return-to-play decisions and concussion management must be objective and made on an individual basis, including consideration of factors such as patient sex rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all guideline.

Volume 102: Issue 5 (May 2005)

in Journal of Neurosurgery
Cover Volume null: Issue null: Journal of Neurosurgery
Article Information

Contributor Notes

Address reprint requests to: Donna K. Broshek, Ph.D., Neuropsychology Laboratory, Box 800203, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908—0203. email: broshek@virginia.edu.
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