Allen MJ, , Schoonmaker JE, , Bauer TW, , Williams PF, , Higham PA, & Yuan HA: Preclinical evaluation of a poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel implant as a replacement for the nucleus pulposus. Spine 29:515–523, 2004

Allen MJ, Schoonmaker JE, Bauer TW, Williams PF, Higham PA, Yuan HA: Preclinical evaluation of a poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel implant as a replacement for the nucleus pulposus. Spine 29:515–523, 2004)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bao QB, , Songer M, , Pimenta L, , Werner D, , Reyes-Sanchez A, & Balsano M, et al.: Nubac disc arthroplasty: preclinical studies and preliminary safety and efficacy evaluations. SAS J 1:36–45, 2007

Bao QB, Songer M, Pimenta L, Werner D, Reyes-Sanchez A, Balsano M, : Nubac disc arthroplasty: preclinical studies and preliminary safety and efficacy evaluations. SAS J 1:36–45, 2007)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bao QB, & Yuan HA: New technologies in spine: nucleus replacement. Spine 27:1245–1247, 2002

Bao QB, Yuan HA: New technologies in spine: nucleus replacement. Spine 27:1245–1247, 2002)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bao QB, & Yuan HA, Pioneer surgical technology NUBAC artificial nucleus. Kim DH, , Cammisa FP Jr, & Fessler RG: Dynamic Reconstruction of the Spine New York, Thieme, 2006. 128–136

Bao QB, Yuan HA, Pioneer surgical technology NUBAC artificial nucleus. Kim DH, Cammisa FP Jr, Fessler RG: Dynamic Reconstruction of the Spine New York, Thieme, 2006. 128–136)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bao QB, & Yuan HA: Prosthetic disc replacement: the future?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 394:139–145, 2002

Bao QB, Yuan HA: Prosthetic disc replacement: the future?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 394:139–145, 2002)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bertagnoli R, , Karg A, & Voigt S: Lumbar partial disc replacement. Orthop Clin North Am 36:341–347, 2005

Bertagnoli R, Karg A, Voigt S: Lumbar partial disc replacement. Orthop Clin North Am 36:341–347, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bertagnoli R, , Sabatino CT, , Edwards JT, , Gontarz GA, , Prewett A, & Parsons JR: Mechanical testing of a novel hydrogel nucleus replacement implant. Spine J 5:672–681, 2005

Bertagnoli R, Sabatino CT, Edwards JT, Gontarz GA, Prewett A, Parsons JR: Mechanical testing of a novel hydrogel nucleus replacement implant. Spine J 5:672–681, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bertagnoli R, & Schönmayr R: Surgical and clinical results with the PDN prosthetic disc-nucleus device. Eur Spine J 11:2 Suppl S143–S148, 2002

Bertagnoli R, Schönmayr R: Surgical and clinical results with the PDN prosthetic disc-nucleus device. Eur Spine J 11:2 SupplS143–S148, 2002)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Bertagnoli R, & Vazquez RJ: The anterolateral transpsoatic approach: a new technique for implanting prosthetic disc-nucleus devices. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:398–404, 2003

Bertagnoli R, Vazquez RJ: The anterolateral transpsoatic approach: a new technique for implanting prosthetic disc-nucleus devices. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:398–404, 2003)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Brinckmann P, & Grootenboer H: Change of disc height, radial disc bulge, and intradiscal pressure from discectomy. An in vitro investigation on human lumbar discs. Spine 16:641–646, 1991

Brinckmann P, Grootenboer H: Change of disc height, radial disc bulge, and intradiscal pressure from discectomy. An in vitro investigation on human lumbar discs. Spine 16:641–646, 1991)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Carragee EJ: The surgical treatment of disc degeneration: is the race not to the swift?. Spine J 5:587–588, 2005

Carragee EJ: The surgical treatment of disc degeneration: is the race not to the swift?. Spine J 5:587–588, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Deyo RA, , Nachemson A, & Mirza SK: Spinal-fusion surgery—the case for restraint. N Engl J Med 350:722–726, 2004

Deyo RA, Nachemson A, Mirza SK: Spinal-fusion surgery—the case for restraint. N Engl J Med 350:722–726, 2004)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Di Martino A, , Vaccaro AR, , Lee JY, , Denaro V, & Lim MR: Nucleus pulposus replacement: basic science and indications for clinical use. Spine 30:16 Suppl S16–S22, 2005

Di Martino A, Vaccaro AR, Lee JY, Denaro V, Lim MR: Nucleus pulposus replacement: basic science and indications for clinical use. Spine 30:16 SupplS16–S22, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Eck JC, , Humphreys SC, & Hodges SD: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiology studies. Am J Orthop 28:336–340, 1999

Eck JC, Humphreys SC, Hodges SD: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion: a review of clinical, biomechanical, and radiology studies. Am J Orthop 28:336–340, 1999)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Errico TJ, , Gatchel RJ, , Schofferman J, , Benzel EC, , Faciszewski T, & Eskay-Auerbach M, et al.: A fair and balanced view of spine fusion surgery. Spine J 4:5 Suppl S129–S138, 2004

Errico TJ, Gatchel RJ, Schofferman J, Benzel EC, Faciszewski T, Eskay-Auerbach M, : A fair and balanced view of spine fusion surgery. Spine J 4:5 SupplS129–S138, 2004)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Goins ML, , Wimberley DW, , Yuan PS, , Fitzhenry LN, & Vaccaro AR: Nucleus pulposus replacement: an emerging technology. Spine J 5:6 Suppl 317S–324S, 2005

Goins ML, Wimberley DW, Yuan PS, Fitzhenry LN, Vaccaro AR: Nucleus pulposus replacement: an emerging technology. Spine J 5:6 Suppl317S–324S, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Hamby WB, & Glaser HT: Replacement of spinal intervertebral discs with locally polymerizing methyl methacrylate: experimental study of effects upon tissues and report of a small clinical series. J Neurosurg 16:311–313, 1959

Hamby WB, Glaser HT: Replacement of spinal intervertebral discs with locally polymerizing methyl methacrylate: experimental study of effects upon tissues and report of a small clinical series. J Neurosurg 16:311–313, 1959)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Huang RC, , Tropiano P, , Marnay T, , Girardi FP, , Lim MR, & Cammisa FP Jr: Range of motion and adjacent level degeneration after lumbar total disc replacement. Spine J 6:242–247, 2006

Huang RC, Tropiano P, Marnay T, Girardi FP, Lim MR, Cammisa FP Jr: Range of motion and adjacent level degeneration after lumbar total disc replacement. Spine J 6:242–247, 2006)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Husson JL, , Korge A, , Polard JL, , Nydegger T, , Kneubuhler S, & Mayer HM: A memory coiling spiral as nucleus pulposus prosthesis: concept, specifications, bench testing, and first clinical results. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:405–411, 2003

Husson JL, Korge A, Polard JL, Nydegger T, Kneubuhler S, Mayer HM: A memory coiling spiral as nucleus pulposus prosthesis: concept, specifications, bench testing, and first clinical results. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:405–411, 2003)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

International Organization for Standardization: ISO/DIS 18192–1 Implants for Surgery—Wear of Total Intervertebral Spinal Disc Prostheses. Part 1: Loading and Displacement Parameters for Wear Testing and Corresponding Environmental Conditions for Test Geneva, ISO, 2004. (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38602) [Accessed 24 September 2007]

International Organization for Standardization: ISO/DIS 18192–1 Implants for Surgery—Wear of Total Intervertebral Spinal Disc Prostheses. Part 1: Loading and Displacement Parameters for Wear Testing and Corresponding Environmental Conditions for Test Geneva, ISO, 2004. (http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38602) [Accessed 24 September 2007])| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Klara PM, & Ray CD: Artificial nucleus replacement: clinical experience. Spine 27:1374–1377, 2002

Klara PM, Ray CD: Artificial nucleus replacement: clinical experience. Spine 27:1374–1377, 2002)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Lee CK: Accelerated degeneration of the segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine 13:375–377, 1988

Lee CK: Accelerated degeneration of the segment adjacent to a lumbar fusion. Spine 13:375–377, 1988)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Lehmann TR, , Spratt KF, , Tozzi JE, , Weinstein JN, , Reinarz SJ, , el-Khoury GY, & Colby H: Long-term follow-up of lower lumbar fusion patients. Spine 12:97–104, 1987

Lehmann TR, Spratt KF, Tozzi JE, Weinstein JN, Reinarz SJ, el-Khoury GY, Colby H: Long-term follow-up of lower lumbar fusion patients. Spine 12:97–104, 1987)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Lowell TD, , Errico TJ, , Fehlings MG, , DiBartolo TJ, & Ladosi L: Microdiskectomy for lumbar disk herniation: a review of 100 cases. Orthopedics 18:985–990, 1995

Lowell TD, Errico TJ, Fehlings MG, DiBartolo TJ, Ladosi L: Microdiskectomy for lumbar disk herniation: a review of 100 cases. Orthopedics 18:985–990, 1995)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

McKenzie AH: Fernström intervertebral disc arthroplasty: long-term clinical results. Orthop Intern 3:313–324, 1995

McKenzie AH: Fernström intervertebral disc arthroplasty: long-term clinical results. Orthop Intern 3:313–324, 1995)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Meakin JR, & Hukins DW: Effect of removing the nucleus pulposus on the deformation of the annulus fibrosus during compression of the intervertebral disc. J Biomech 33:575–580, 2000

Meakin JR, Hukins DW: Effect of removing the nucleus pulposus on the deformation of the annulus fibrosus during compression of the intervertebral disc. J Biomech 33:575–580, 2000)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Moumene M, & Geisler FH: Comparison of biomechanical function at ideal and varied surgical placement for two lumbar artificial disc implant designs: mobile-core versus fixed-core. Spine 32:1840–1851, 2007

Moumene M, Geisler FH: Comparison of biomechanical function at ideal and varied surgical placement for two lumbar artificial disc implant designs: mobile-core versus fixed-core. Spine 32:1840–1851, 2007)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Mummaneni PV, , Haid RW, & Rodts GE: Lumbar interbody fusion: state-of-the-art technical advances. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004. J Neurosurg Spine 1:24–30, 2004

Mummaneni PV, Haid RW, Rodts GE: Lumbar interbody fusion: state-of-the-art technical advances. Invited submission from the Joint Section Meeting on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves, March 2004. J Neurosurg Spine 1:24–30, 2004)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Ozgur BM, , Aryan HE, , Pimenta L, & Taylor WR: Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF): a novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine J 6:435–443, 2006

Ozgur BM, Aryan HE, Pimenta L, Taylor WR: Extreme Lateral Interbody Fusion (XLIF): a novel surgical technique for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine J 6:435–443, 2006)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Ray CD, Lumbar interbody threaded prosthesis. Brock M, , Mayer HM, & Weigel K: The Artificial Disc Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1991. 53–67

Ray CD, Lumbar interbody threaded prosthesis. Brock M, Mayer HM, Weigel K: The Artificial Disc Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1991. 53–67)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Resnick DK, , Choudhri TF, , Dailey AT, , Groff MW, , Khoo L, & Matz PG, et al.: Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 7: intractable low-back pain without stenosis or spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine 2:670–672, 2005

Resnick DK, Choudhri TF, Dailey AT, Groff MW, Khoo L, Matz PG, : Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 7: intractable low-back pain without stenosis or spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine 2:670–672, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Resnick DK, , Choudhri TF, , Dailey AT, , Groff MW, , Khoo L, & Matz PG, et al.: Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 13: injection therapies, low-back pain and lumbar fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2:707–715, 2005

Resnick DK, Choudhri TF, Dailey AT, Groff MW, Khoo L, Matz PG, : Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 13: injection therapies, low-back pain and lumbar fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2:707–715, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Rodts GE Jr, & Mummaneni P: Discogenic back pain: the case for surgery. Clin Neurosurg 51:277–280, 2004

Rodts GE Jr, Mummaneni P: Discogenic back pain: the case for surgery. Clin Neurosurg 51:277–280, 2004)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Schlegel JD, , Smith JA, & Schleusener RL: Lumbar motion segment pathology adjacent to thoracolumbar, lumbar, and lumbosacral fusions. Spine 21:970–981, 1996

Schlegel JD, Smith JA, Schleusener RL: Lumbar motion segment pathology adjacent to thoracolumbar, lumbar, and lumbosacral fusions. Spine 21:970–981, 1996)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Sheehan JM, , Shaffrey CI, & Jane JA Sr: Degenerative lumbar stenosis: the neurosurgical perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res 384:61–74, 2001

Sheehan JM, Shaffrey CI, Jane JA Sr: Degenerative lumbar stenosis: the neurosurgical perspective. Clin Orthop Relat Res 384:61–74, 2001)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Shim CS, , Lee SH, , Park CW, , Choi WC, , Choi G, & Choi WG, et al.: Partial disc replacement with the PDN prosthetic disc nucleus device: early clinical results. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:324–330, 2003

Shim CS, Lee SH, Park CW, Choi WC, Choi G, Choi WG, : Partial disc replacement with the PDN prosthetic disc nucleus device: early clinical results. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:324–330, 2003)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Smorgick Y, , Floman Y, , Millgram MA, , Anekstein Y, , Pekarsky I, & Mirovsky Y: Mid- to long-term outcome of disc excision in adolescent disc herniation. Spine J 6:380–384, 2006

Smorgick Y, Floman Y, Millgram MA, Anekstein Y, Pekarsky I, Mirovsky Y: Mid- to long-term outcome of disc excision in adolescent disc herniation. Spine J 6:380–384, 2006)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Sohn MJ, , Kayanja MM, , Kilinçer C, , Ferrara LA, & Benzel EC: Biomechanical evaluation of the ventral and lateral surface shear strain distributions in central compared with dorsolateral placement of cages for lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 4:219–224, 2006

Sohn MJ, Kayanja MM, Kilinçer C, Ferrara LA, Benzel EC: Biomechanical evaluation of the ventral and lateral surface shear strain distributions in central compared with dorsolateral placement of cages for lumbar interbody fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 4:219–224, 2006)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Wang J, , Mummaneni PV, & Haid RW: Current treatment strategies for the painful lumbar motion segment: posterolateral fusion versus interbody fusion. Spine 30:16 Suppl S33–S43, 2005

Wang J, Mummaneni PV, Haid RW: Current treatment strategies for the painful lumbar motion segment: posterolateral fusion versus interbody fusion. Spine 30:16 SupplS33–S43, 2005)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation

Yorimitsu E, , Chiba K, , Toyama Y, & Hirabayashi K: Long-term outcomes of standard discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a follow-up of more than 10 years. Spine 26:652–657, 2001

Yorimitsu E, Chiba K, Toyama Y, Hirabayashi K: Long-term outcomes of standard discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: a follow-up of more than 10 years. Spine 26:652–657, 2001)| false
• Search Google Scholar
• Export Citation