S ince Brodmann first characterized the orbitofrontal cortical region in 1909, 28 our knowledge of the prefrontal cortex has expanded to include its role in executive behavior and cognition. As our understanding of the prefrontal cortex has increased, it has become more apparent that its dorsolateral, ventromedial, and orbitofrontal subdivisions serve specific functions. 3 For instance, it is clear that the orbitofrontal gyri are important in decision making. 30 Human neuroimaging and animal lesion studies have demonstrated that this area plays a critical
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Joshua D. Burks, Andrew K. Conner, Phillip A. Bonney, Chad A. Glenn, Cordell M. Baker, Lillian B. Boettcher, Robert G. Briggs, Daniel L. O’Donoghue, Dee H. Wu, and Michael E. Sughrue
Baotian Zhao, Chao Zhang, Xiu Wang, Yao Wang, Jiajie Mo, Zhong Zheng, Lin Ai, Kai Zhang, Jianguo Zhang, Xiao-qiu Shao, and Wenhan Hu
F rontal lobe epilepsy is the second most common partial epilepsy, accounting for 20% to 30% of all partial seizures. 1 , 2 Among all subtypes of frontal lobe epilepsy, orbitofrontal epilepsy (OFE) is rare and less documented. 3–5 The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), located in the anterior cranial fossa, comprises the most ventral regions of the prefrontal cortex. 6 Similar to the insular cortex, the OFC is cytoarchitecturally heterogeneous, comprising granular, agranular, and dysgranular layers from the anterolateral to posteromedial portions. 7 The OFC has
Baotian Zhao, Chao Zhang, Xiu Wang, Yao Wang, Jiajie Mo, Zhong Zheng, Lin Ai, Kai Zhang, Jianguo Zhang, Xiao-qiu Shao, and Wenhan Hu
F rontal lobe epilepsy is the second most common partial epilepsy, accounting for 20% to 30% of all partial seizures. 1 , 2 Among all subtypes of frontal lobe epilepsy, orbitofrontal epilepsy (OFE) is rare and less documented. 3–5 The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), located in the anterior cranial fossa, comprises the most ventral regions of the prefrontal cortex. 6 Similar to the insular cortex, the OFC is cytoarchitecturally heterogeneous, comprising granular, agranular, and dysgranular layers from the anterolateral to posteromedial portions
Jason H. Maley, Jorge E. Alvernia, Edison P. Valle, and Donald Richardson
I ntermittent explosive disorder is a psychological illness characterized by episodes of impulsive aggression that are disproportionate to the provocation. 5 The root of such behavior involves a disturbance to the emotional circuitry of the brain. This includes the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, insular cortex, ventral striatum, and other interconnected circuitry throughout the limbic system that combine to form the emotional brain. 7 The orbitofrontal cortex, the amygdala, and anterior cingulate cortex have been implicated as
John R. Green, R. E. H. Duisberg, and W. B. McGrath
Livingston 13 in 1951. Our investigations concern selective frontal lobotomy of the orbitofrontal area in 55 chronically institutionalized mental patients, beginning on October 9, 1947. Orbitofrontal lobotomy was decided upon instead of the standard procedure for the following reasons: (1) to attempt to reduce the degree of blunting of the personality, and complications that follow the standard frontal lobotomy, (2) encouragement from the unconfirmed reports of Hofstatter and associates 12 in 1945, and (3) anatomic and physiologic evidence of concentration of
Carlos E. Restrepo, Pedro Balaguera, Stephen A. Thompson, Jessica Johnson, Nuria Lacuey, Sandipan Pati, Katherine Harris, Samden D. Lhatoo, and Nitin Tandon
patients, this included the subcallosal cingulate gyrus, medial posterior orbitofrontal cortex, parts of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and anterior and middle portions of the cingulate gyrus ( Fig. 1 ). Implantation was carried out using standard robotic SEEG techniques, which have been described in detail elsewhere, 1 , 12 and comprised use of a robotic arm to guide twist drill hole placement followed by placement of an anchor bolt. A blunt stylet was passed to the target, penetrating through the medial pia of both hemispheres, followed by implantation of an SEEG
Andrew G. Parrent
was considered to be too risky. No complications occurred and the patient's seizure frequency was transiently reduced. Her seizure frequency returned to preoperative baseline 7 months later. Second Operation—Right Temporal Lobectomy and Orbitofrontal Corticectomy In 1995 when the patient was 13 years of age, subdural electrodes were inserted over the bilateral inferomesial and lateral temporal lobes, bilateral mesial frontal lobes, right frontal convexity, and right orbital frontal cortex. Forty-three recorded seizures originated from the right inferior temporal
Saramati Narasimhan, Hernán F. J. González, Graham W. Johnson, Kristin E. Wills, Danika L. Paulo, Victoria L. Morgan, and Dario J. Englot
using DK atlas segmentations, and the networks were defined using the study by Yeo et al. 23 The salience network included bilateral insula, rostral anterior cingulate cortices, and caudal anterior cingulate cortices. The DMN included bilateral precuneus, inferior parietal lobules, medial orbitofrontal cortices, lateral orbitofrontal cortices, and posterior cingulate cortices. The central executive network (CEN) included bilateral superior frontal cortices, pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyri, and superior parietal lobules. Finally, the visual network
Haruhiko Kishima, Youichi Saitoh, Yasuhiro Osaki, Hiroshi Nishimura, Amami Kato, Jun Hatazawa, and Toshiki Yoshimine
although authors have speculated on the mechanisms on the basis of clinical results. The mechanism of MCS in the treatment of post-stroke pain was addressed by Tsubokawa et al. 39 They speculated that fourth-order nonnociceptive neurons are activated by MCS and inhibit hyperactive nociceptive neurons. It has also been reported that the anterior thalamus, brainstem, cingulate gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortex are activated during MCS. 10 , 25 The somatosensory cortex is not activated by MCS. Motor cortex stimulation may influence the affective-emotional component of
Hirohiko Gibo, Christopher C. Carver, Albert L. Rhoton Jr., Carla Lenkey, and Robert J. Mitchell
by the lateral occipital sulcus (Lat.Occ.Sul.) into superior (Sup.Occ.Gyr.) and inferior occipital gyri (Inf.Occ.Gyr.). The cortical arteries are the orbitofrontal (Orb.Fr.A.), prefrontal (Pre.Fr.A.), precentral (Pre.Cent.A.), central (Cent.A.), anterior parietal (Ant.Par.A.), posterior parietal (Post.Par.A.), angular (Ang.A.), temporo-occipital (Temp.Occ.A.), temporopolar (Temp.Pol.A.), and the anterior temporal (Ant. Temp.A.), middle temporal (Mid.Temp.A.), and posterior temporal arteries (Post.Temp.A.). Cortical Distribution The cortical territory
