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Justin R. Davanzo and Elias Rizk
This is a case report illustrating an overdose of baclofen in a 10-year-old boy due to a likely malfunction of a SynchroMed II pump. This ultimately necessitated a pump replacement. One-year follow-up showed no further incidents of baclofen overdose, with multiple pump refills.
Histopathological Changes Produced by Implanted Electrodes in Cat Brains
Comparison with Histopathological Changes in Human and Experimental Puncture Wounds
James C. Collias and Elias E. Manuelidis
Aaron E. Bond and W. Jeffrey Elias
OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to improve the predictability of lesion size during focused ultrasound (FUS) thalamotomy procedures.
METHODS
Treatment profiles and T2-weighted MRI (T2 MRI) studies obtained in 63 patients who participated in 3 clinical trials of FUS thalamotomy from February 2011 to March 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Four damage estimate models were compared with lesion sizes measured on postprocedural T2 MRI. Models were based on 54°C × 3 seconds, 240 cumulative equivalent minutes at 43°C, and simple thermal threshold analysis, which recorded the maximum diameter that reached a temperature of at least 51°C and 54°C. Energy requirements per °C thermal rise above 37°C were also recorded.
RESULTS
Lesion diameters from T2 MRI correlated poorly from the day of the procedure to day 1 postprocedure (mean increase 78% [SD 79%]). There was more predictability of lesion size from day 1 to day 30, with a mean reduction in lesion diameter of 11% (SD 24%). Of the 4 models tested, the most correlative model to day 1 findings on T2 MRI was a 51°C threshold. The authors observed an increase in the energy requirement for each subsequent treatment sonication, with the largest percentage increase from treatment sonication 1 to treatment sonication 2 (mean increase 20% in energy required per °C increase in temperature above 37°C).
CONCLUSIONS
At the margins, 51°C temperature threshold diameters correlated best to lesion diameters measured at day 1 with T2 MRI. The lesion size from T2 MRI decreases from day 1 to day 30 in a predictable manner, much more so than from the day of the procedure to day 1 postprocedure. Energy requirements per °C rise above 37°C continuously increase with each successive sonication.
Allan H. Friedman, W. Jeffrey Elias, and Rajiv Midha
Surgery aimed at repairing damaged peripheral nerves has a long history. Refuting the timehonored nihilism of Hippocrates and Galen that an injured nerve cannot regain function, a few adventurous medieval surgeons attempted to repair severed nerves., However, the ability of a peripheral nerve repair to restore function was not generally accepted until 1800., Neurosurgeons, beginning with Harvey Cushing, have had an interest in repairing damaged peripheral nerves. Significant progress in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries resulted from experience with the numerous injuries that occurred during World Wars I and II.,, Surgeons steadily defined the anatomy of peripheral nerves and developed techniques for decompressing and repairing peripheral nerves., Kline and Dejonge developed an intraoperative electrophysiological technique for detecting axons regenerating across a damaged segment of nerve. In the second 2 decades of the 20th century, distal nerve transfers were rediscovered whereby the proximal end of a less essential nerve is used to reinnervate the distal end of a nerve, providing a more vital function.
