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Open access

Introducing next-generation transcranial surgery with the head-mounted 3D View Vision display in extracorporeal microsurgery: illustrative cases

Young Ju Kim, Hidehito Kimura, Hiroto Kajimoto, Tatsuya Mori, Masahiro Maeyama, Kazuhiro Tanaka, and Takashi Sasayama

BACKGROUND

Exoscopy in neurosurgery offers various advantages, including increased freedom of the viewing axis while the surgeon maintains a comfortable upright position. However, the optimal monitor positioning to avoid interference with surgical manipulation remains unresolved. Herein, the authors describe two cases in which a three-dimensional head-mounted display (3D-HMD) was introduced into a transcranial neurosurgical procedure using an exoscope.

OBSERVATIONS

Case 1 was a 50-year-old man who presented with recurrent epistaxis and was diagnosed with an olfactory neuroblastoma that extended from the nasal cavity to the anterior cranial base and infiltrated the right anterior cranial fossa. Case 2 was a 65-year-old man who presented with epistaxis and was diagnosed with a left-sided olfactory neuroblastoma. In both cases, en bloc tumor resection was successfully performed via a simultaneous exoscopic transcranial approach using a 3D-HMD and an endoscopic endonasal approach, eliminating the need to watch a large monitor beside the patient.

LESSONS

This is the first report of using a 3D-HMD in transcranial surgery. The 3D-HMD effectively addressed issues with the field of vision and concentration while preserving the effectiveness of traditional microscopic and exoscopic procedures when observed on a 3D monitor. Combining the 3D-HMD with an exoscope holds the potential to become a next-generation surgical approach.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 6 (2023): Issue 23 (Dec 2023)

Open access

Radiofrequency thermocoagulation for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia associated with a focal pontine lesion: illustrative case

Vadym Biloshytsky, Anna Skorokhoda, Inna Buvailo, and Maryna Biloshytska

BACKGROUND

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) associated with a focal pontine lesion is a rare but challenging condition. The origin of the lesion, which does not fulfill the diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis, remains disputable. Pain in such conditions is often refractory to treatment, including microvascular decompression.

OBSERVATIONS

A 36-year-old female presented with a 3.5-year history of shooting pain in the right V2 distribution triggered by talking and chewing. She became less responsive to high-dose carbamazepine over time. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed no neurovascular compression but an elongated lesion hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging and T2- fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and hypointense and nonenhancing on T1-magnetization prepared rapid gradient-echo imaging without restricted diffusion, hemorrhage, or supposed malformation along the right pontine trigeminal pathway (PTP). Two other similar lesions were found in the corpus callosum and left thalamus. All lesions were stable compared to MRI data obtained 2 years before. Cerebrospinal fluid contained no oligoclonal bands. Pain attacks ceased with right-sided gasserian radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFTC), and at the 6-month follow-up, there was no recurrence.

LESSONS

In patients with TN, preoperative neuroimaging should assess for brainstem lesions along the PTP. RFTC can be considered a treatment option in medication-refractory TN associated with a focal pontine lesion.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 6 (2023): Issue 23 (Dec 2023)

Open access

Approaches to ventriculoperitoneal shunt scalp erosion: countersinking into the calvarium. Illustrative case

Denise Brunozzi, Melissa A LoPresti, Jennifer L McGrath, and Tord D Alden

BACKGROUND

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) is a standard procedure for the treatment of hydrocephalus, and the management of its complications is common in the practice of pediatric neurosurgery. Shunt exposure, though a rare complication, can occur because of thin, fragile skin, a young patient age, protuberant hardware, poor scalp perfusion, and a multitude of other patient factors.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors report a complex case of VPS erosion through the scalp in a young female with Pfeiffer syndrome treated with external ventricular drainage, empirical antibiotics, and reinternalization with countersinking of replaced shunt hardware into the calvarium to prevent internal skin pressure points, reduce wound tension, and allow wound healing.

LESSONS

Recessing the shunt hardware, or countersinking the implant, into the calvarium is a simple technique often used in functional neurosurgical implantation surgeries, providing a safe surgical strategy to optimize wound healing in select cases in which the skin flap is unfavorable.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 6 (2023): Issue 22 (Nov 2023)

Open access

Tandem pediatric neurosurgery: treatment of synostosis and intractable epilepsy. Illustrative case

Ogechukwu Ariwodo, Douglas R Nordli III, Nathan J Ranalli, and Alexandra D Beier

BACKGROUND

Hemispherectomy is a surgical procedure reserved for hemispheric intractable epilepsy. Sagittal craniosynostosis is a congenital disorder treated with open or endoscope-assisted approaches for synostosis correction. These procedures are not commonly performed in the same setting.

OBSERVATIONS

In this report, the authors present a 6-month-old female with sagittal craniosynostosis, hemimegalencephaly, and intractable epilepsy who underwent a left hemispherotomy with open sagittal synostosis correction followed by cranial molding orthosis therapy.

LESSONS

The report highlights the technical nuances of the procedure, but also discusses the possible genetic disorder responsible for both conditions, megalencephaly-capillary malformation syndrome.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 6 (2023): Issue 20 (Nov 2023)

Open access

Clival intraosseous myxoma treated with an endoscopic endonasal approach: illustrative case

Mokshal H. Porwal, Daniel M. Aaronson, Abrahim N. Razzak, and Nathan T. Zwagerman

BACKGROUND

Solitary lesions of the clivus, especially nonchordomatous ones, are exceptionally rare pathologies representing only 0.1%–0.2% of intracranial tumors that may present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Intraosseous myxomas are benign tumors arising from mesenchymal cells with an unknown pathophysiology.

OBSERVATIONS

In this article, a 15-year-old male with clival intraosseous myxoma who was treated via an endoscopic endonasal surgical approach is presented. The patient became symptomatic after a baseball struck his head, leading to throbbing headaches and visual difficulties for tracking objects. Examination noted diplopia, cranial nerve VI palsy, and ptosis. After imaging revealed a tumor extending to the left cavernous sinus with bulging of the dorsal clivus against the basilar artery/ventral pons, resection was performed. Postoperatively, the patient noted ocular motility and alignment improvement without further complications.

LESSONS

Clival masses present with symptoms from compromised neurovascular structures including visual disturbances and trigeminal sensory deficits. Given the rarity of these entities, patients may postpone further treatment until workup; this patient was misdiagnosed for possible concussion until several weeks passed. A PubMed database review of cranial myxoma cases was conducted to identify solitary clival intraosseous myxoma cases. This case is one of the few in which this pathology was treated through an endoscopic endonasal operative approach without complications, demonstrating its safety and effectiveness.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 5 (2023): Issue 15 (Apr 2023)

Open access

Extensive extracranial growth of spheno-orbital meningioma: illustrative case

Makoto Saito, Shinjitsu Nishimura, Sumito Okuyama, Keiichi Kubota, Junko Matsuyama, Atsuhito Takemura, Tadao Matsushima, Hideo Sakuma, and Kazuo Watanabe

BACKGROUND

Spheno-orbital meningioma (SOM) typically presents with a classic triad of symptoms (i.e., proptosis, visual impairment, and ocular paresis), resulting from intraorbital tumor invasion. The authors present a very rare case of SOM in which the chief complaint was swelling of the left temporal region, which, to the best of their knowledge, has not been reported previously.

OBSERVATIONS

The patient presented with marked extracranial extension to the left temporal region but unremarkable intraorbital extension, even on radiological examination. Physical examination of the patient showed almost no exophthalmos or restriction of left eye movement, consistent with the radiological findings. Four separate meningioma specimens were removed by extraction (i.e., one each from the intracranial, extracranial, and intraorbital segments of the tumor and one from the skull). The World Health Organization grade was 1 and the MIB-1 index was less than 1%, indicating a diagnosis of a benign tumor.

LESSONS

SOM may be present even in patients with only temporal swelling and few ocular-related symptoms, and detailed imaging evaluations may be required to identify the tumor.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 5 (2023): Issue 7 (Feb 2023)

Open access

Cerebrospinal fluid fistula as a complication of reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction collection for the detection of coronavirus disease 2019: illustrative cases

Lucca B. Palavani, Camila V. F. Andrade, Renato A. Andrade, Egmond Alves, Marcio Falchi Barros, and João F. Barbieri

BACKGROUND

The most used method to detect coronavirus disease 2019 during the pandemic is reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction with nasal swab. Despite being highly effective, the test does not leave the patient risk-free and can lead to serious complications. These can be traumatic nasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula and its consequences, such as meningitis.

OBSERVATIONS

In this article, the authors present 4 case reports and a literature review. The following MeSH terms in the research were used: “CSF leak case report and covid 19.” Six results were found and after searching the references and keywords 16 articles were identified. By using them, the authors tried to clarify the etiology of the fistula, its influences, and complications.

LESSONS

The authors conclude that professionals must receive training, since CSF fistula originates from technical failure and lack of anatomical knowledge. The diagnosis cannot be neglected because it can bring complications to the patient’s health.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 5 (2023): Issue 5 (Jan 2023)

Open access

Complications in craniosynostosis surgery in patients with rickets: illustrative case and systematic review of literature

Myles N. LaValley, Kyle Zappi, Sergio Wesley Guadix, Alexandra M. Giantini-Larsen, Andrew L. A. Garton, Linda A. Heier, Thomas A. Imahiyerobo, and Caitlin E. Hoffman

BACKGROUND

Craniosynostosis (CSS) is the premature fusion of calvarial sutures associated with identified genetic mutations or secondary to alterations in intracranial pressure, brain, or bone growth patterns. Of the metabolic etiologies implicated in CSS, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) is the most common, with dysfunctional bone mineralization leading to progressive hyperostosis and delayed synostosis. There is a paucity of literature discussing the unique surgical considerations for XLHR-related CSS.

OBSERVATIONS

A 26-month-old male with XLHR-related sagittal CSS underwent cranial vault remodeling (CVR). Surgery was complicated by the presence of diploic hypertrophy with significant intraoperative estimated blood loss (EBL). EBL greatly exceeded reference ranges for CVR in all-cause CSS. As a result, the surgical goals were modified and the complete planned procedure aborted. Subsequent review of preoperative imaging revealed multiple fine vascular lacunae within the bone. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify reported complications relating to surgical intervention for rickets-associated CSS.

LESSONS

Future considerations for patients with XLHR-related CSS should emphasize awareness of metabolic risk factors with associated complications, and the need for selection of approach and operative management techniques to avoid EBL. Further research is required to elucidate underlying mechanisms and determine whether the encountered phenomenon is characteristic across this patient population and potentially minimized by preoperative medical therapy.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 4 (2022): Issue 25 (Dec 2022)

Open access

Intraosseous meningioma, a rare presentation of a common brain tumor: illustrative case

Sherif Elwatidy, Abdulaziz Alanazi, Rahaf F. Alanazi, and Khulood K. Alraddadi

BACKGROUND

The subset of extradural meningiomas arising from bone is called primary intraosseous meningioma. The present article outlines the clinical presentation, investigation, surgical management, and clinical outcomes of a challenging case of intraosseous meningioma.

OBSERVATIONS

A 27-year-old male presented with new-onset seizure of 3 years’ duration and growing painless hard swelling involving the left frontoparietal bone, the medial aspect of the left orbit, the nasal bone, and the temporal bone. Brain computed tomography showed a diffuse intradiploic space osseous lesion with a ground-glass appearance. The patient underwent bifrontal craniotomy and tumor excision. The histopathological sections showed the presence of classic whorls of meningothelial cells around reactive bony tissue suggestive of intraosseous meningioma. Postoperatively, the patient was neurologically intact, and he was discharged in a stable condition. The outcome of this case was satisfactory.

LESSONS

The treatment of primary intraosseous meningioma is wide surgical excision together with the involved dura and any intradural tumor. The location of the tumor determines the approach and the amount of resection, keeping in mind preservation of function. The use of adjuvant therapy is reserved for cases of tumor recurrence or an atypical type.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 4 (2022): Issue 15 (Oct 2022)

Open access

The rare presentation of a frontal mucocele complicated by a Pott’s puffy tumor and an epidural-cutaneous fistula: illustrative case

Mahmoud S. Abbas, Anas S. Al-Smadi, Marisa Smitt, Atefeh Geimadi, and Ali W. Luqman

BACKGROUND

Frontal mucoceles develop due to accumulation of mucoid secretions within the frontal sinuses. They can lead to serious consequences with further expansion and destruction of the surrounding bones or infection that might spread intracranially.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors present a case of a 37-year-old male with a frontal mucocele and the rare presentation of Pott’s puffy tumor and an epidural-cutaneous fistula, as well as a literature review of previously reported cases of epidural cutaneous fistula and sinocutaneous fistula, their predisposing factors, and their management.

LESSONS

A mucocele is a benign entity that can rarely present with potentially significant complications. Open surgery is required in patients who have frontal sinus posterior wall involvement, osteomyelitis, or intracranial involvement.

In Journal of Neurosurgery: Case Lessons Volume 4 (2022): Issue 13 (Sep 2022)