Survival following surgery and prognostic factors for recently diagnosed malignant glioma: data from the Glioma Outcomes Project

Edward R. Laws Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Edward R. Laws in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
,
Ian F. Parney Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Ian F. Parney in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D., Ph.D.
,
Wei Huang Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Wei Huang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.S.
,
Fred Anderson Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Fred Anderson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 Ph.D.
,
Angel M. Morris Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Angel M. Morris in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 B.S.N.
,
Anthony Asher Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Anthony Asher in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
,
Kevin O. Lillehei Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Kevin O. Lillehei in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
,
Mark Bernstein Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Mark Bernstein in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
,
Henry Brem Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Henry Brem in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
,
Andrew Sloan Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Andrew Sloan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
,
Mitchel S. Berger Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Mitchel S. Berger in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
,
Susan Chang Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Susan Chang in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
 M.D.
, and
Glioma Outcomes Investigators Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia; Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, California; Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Carolina Neuroscience Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Search for other papers by Glioma Outcomes Investigators in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

Purchase Now

USD  $45.00

JNS + Pediatrics - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

USD  $525.00

JNS + Pediatrics + Spine - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

USD  $624.00
USD  $45.00
USD  $525.00
USD  $624.00
Print or Print + Online Sign in

Object. The Glioma Outcomes Project represents a contemporary analysis of the management of malignant (Grade III and Grade IV/GBM) gliomas in North America. This observational database was used to evaluate the influence of resection, as opposed to biopsy, on patient outcome as measured by the length of survival. Attempts were made to reduce the impact of selection bias by repeating the data analysis after omitting patients with major negative prognostic factors.

Methods. Outcome data from 788 patients accrued from multiple sites over a 4-year period (1997–2001) were analyzed with the primary outcome measure being length of survival. Of these, 565 patients with recent diagnoses formed the basis of the present analysis. Patients were systematically followed up until death or up to 24 months after enrollment in the study, and survival data were correlated with the histopathological grade and location of the tumor, the extent of surgery, the patient's performance status, and demographic factors.

The median length of survival was 40.9 weeks for patients with recently diagnosed GBMs. The true median length of survival for patients with Grade III gliomas was not reached, although there was a 58% survival rate at 104 weeks. In multivariate analysis, resection rather than biopsy (p < 0.0001), age 60 years or younger (p < 0.0001), and a Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score of 70 or greater (p = 0.0004) were associated with a prolonged survival time for patients with Grade III or IV gliomas. The prognostic value of resection compared with biopsy was maintained (p < 0.0001), even after eliminating patients considered to be “poor risk” (those with age > 60 years, KPS score < 70, or presence of multifocal tumors), who may have been overrepresented in the biopsy group. Survival “tails” at 24 months were 58% for Grade III gliomas and 11% for GBMs.

Conclusions. These data provide Class II evidence to support tumor grade, patient's age, and patient's functional status as prognostic factors for survival in individuals with recently diagnosed malignant gliomas. Resection (compared with biopsy) is also a strong prognostic factor; however, no quantitative attempt was made to assess the true extent of the resection.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
  • 1.

    Ammirati M, , Vick N, & Liao YL, et al: Effect of the extent of surgical resection on survival and quality of life in patients with supratentorial glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas. Neurosurgery 21:201206, 1987 Ammirati M, Vick N, Liao YL, et al: Effect of the extent of surgical resection on survival and quality of life in patients with supratentorial glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas. Neurosurgery 21:201–206, 1987

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Blanshard HJ, , Chung F, & Manninen PH, et al: Awake craniotomy for removal of intracranial tumor: considerations for early discharge. Anesth Analg 92:8994, 2001 Blanshard HJ, Chung F, Manninen PH, et al: Awake craniotomy for removal of intracranial tumor: considerations for early discharge. Anesth Analg 92:89–94, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Bohinski RJ, , Kokkino AK, & Warnick RE, et al: Glioma resection in a shared-resource magnetic resonance operating room after optimal image-guided frameless stereotactic resection. Neurosurgery 48:731744, 2001 Bohinski RJ, Kokkino AK, Warnick RE, et al: Glioma resection in a shared-resource magnetic resonance operating room after optimal image-guided frameless stereotactic resection. Neurosurgery 48:731–744, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Brell M, , Ibanez J, & Caral L, et al: Factors influencing surgical complications of intra-axial brain tumours. Acta Neurochir 142:739750, 2000 Brell M, Ibanez J, Caral L, et al: Factors influencing surgical complications of intra-axial brain tumours. Acta Neurochir 142:739–750, 2000

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Burger PC, & Green SB: Patient age, histologic features, and length of survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 59:16171625, 1987 Burger PC, Green SB: Patient age, histologic features, and length of survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer 59:1617–1625, 1987

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Cabantog AM, & Bernstein M: Complications of first craniotomy for intra-axial brain tumour. Can J Neurol Sci 21:213218, 1994 Cabantog AM, Bernstein M: Complications of first craniotomy for intra-axial brain tumour. Can J Neurol Sci 21:213–218, 1994

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Cairncross JG, , Pexman JH, & Rathbone MP, et al: Postoperative contrast enhancement in patients with brain tumor. Ann Neurol 17:570572, 1985 Cairncross JG, Pexman JH, Rathbone MP, et al: Postoperative contrast enhancement in patients with brain tumor. Ann Neurol 17:570–572, 1985

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Ciric I, , Ammirati M, & Vick N, et al: Supratentorial gliomas: surgical considerations and immediate postoperative results. Gross total resection versus partial resection. Neurosurgery 21:2126, 1987 Ciric I, Ammirati M, Vick N, et al: Supratentorial gliomas: surgical considerations and immediate postoperative results. Gross total resection versus partial resection. Neurosurgery 21:21–26, 1987

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Coons SW, , Johnson PC, & Scheithauer BW, et al: Improving diagnostic accuracy and interobserver concordance in the classification and grading of primary gliomas. Cancer 79:13811393, 1997 Coons SW, Johnson PC, Scheithauer BW, et al: Improving diagnostic accuracy and interobserver concordance in the classification and grading of primary gliomas. Cancer 79:1381–1393, 1997

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Curran WJ Jr, , Scott CB, & Horton J, et al: Does extent of surgery influence outcome for astrocytoma with atypical or anaplastic foci (AAF)? A report from three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials. J Neurooncol 12:219227, 1992 Curran WJ Jr, Scott CB, Horton J, et al: Does extent of surgery influence outcome for astrocytoma with atypical or anaplastic foci (AAF)? A report from three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials. J Neurooncol 12:219–227, 1992

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Curran WJ Jr, , Scott CB, & Horton J, et al: Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group malignant glioma trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:704710, 1993 Curran WJ Jr, Scott CB, Horton J, et al: Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group malignant glioma trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:704–710, 1993

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Davis FG, , Kupelian V, & Freels S, et al: Prevalence estimates for primary brain tumors in the United States by behavior and major histology groups. Neurooncol 3:152158, 2001 Davis FG, Kupelian V, Freels S, et al: Prevalence estimates for primary brain tumors in the United States by behavior and major histology groups. Neurooncol 3:152–158, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Devaux BC, , O'Fallon JR, & Kelly PJ: Resection, biopsy, and survival in malignant glial neoplasms. A retrospective study of clinical parameters, therapy, and outcome. J Neurosurg 78:767775, 1993 Devaux BC, O'Fallon JR, Kelly PJ: Resection, biopsy, and survival in malignant glial neoplasms. A retrospective study of clinical parameters, therapy, and outcome. J Neurosurg 78:767–775, 1993

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Fadul C, , Wood J, & Thaler H, et al: Morbidity and mortality of craniotomy for excision of supratentorial gliomas. Neurology 38:13741379, 1988 Fadul C, Wood J, Thaler H, et al: Morbidity and mortality of craniotomy for excision of supratentorial gliomas. Neurology 38:1374–1379, 1988

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Gehan EA, & Walker MD: Prognostic factors for patients with brain tumors. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 46:189195, 1977 Gehan EA, Walker MD: Prognostic factors for patients with brain tumors. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 46:189–195, 1977

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Hess KR: Extent of resection as a prognostic variable in the treatment of gliomas. J Neurooncol 42:227231, 1999 Hess KR: Extent of resection as a prognostic variable in the treatment of gliomas. J Neurooncol 42:227–231, 1999

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Jackson RJ, , Fuller GN, & Abi-Said D, et al: Limitations of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas. Neurooncol 3:193200, 2001 Jackson RJ, Fuller GN, Abi-Said D, et al: Limitations of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas. Neurooncol 3:193–200, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Kiwit JC, , Floeth FW, & Bock WJ: Survival in malignant glioma: analysis of prognostic factors with special regard to cytoreductive surgery. Zentralbl Neurochir 57:7688, 1996 Kiwit JC, Floeth FW, Bock WJ: Survival in malignant glioma: analysis of prognostic factors with special regard to cytoreductive surgery. Zentralbl Neurochir 57:76–88, 1996

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Kleihues P, , Burger PC, & Scheithauer BW: Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993 Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW: Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Kreth FW, , Warnke PC, & Scheremet R, et al: Surgical resection and radiation therapy versus biopsy and radiation therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 78:762766, 1993 Kreth FW, Warnke PC, Scheremet R, et al: Surgical resection and radiation therapy versus biopsy and radiation therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurosurg 78:762–766, 1993

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Lacroix M, , Abi-Said D, & Fourney DR, et al: A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg 95:190198, 2001 Lacroix M, Abi-Said D, Fourney DR, et al: A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg 95:190–198, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Meyer FB, , Bates LM, & Goerss SJ, et al: Awake craniotomy for aggressive resection of primary gliomas located in eloquent brain. Mayo Clin Proc 76:677687, 2001 Meyer FB, Bates LM, Goerss SJ, et al: Awake craniotomy for aggressive resection of primary gliomas located in eloquent brain. Mayo Clin Proc 76:677–687, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Mohr S, , Leikauf GD, & Keith G, et al: Microarrays as cancer keys: an array of possibilities. J Clin Oncol 20:31653175, 2002 Mohr S, Leikauf GD, Keith G, et al: Microarrays as cancer keys: an array of possibilities. J Clin Oncol 20:3165–3175, 2002

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Nitta T, & Sato K: Prognostic implications of the extent of surgical resection in patients with intracranial malignant gliomas. Cancer 75:27272731, 1995 Nitta T, Sato K: Prognostic implications of the extent of surgical resection in patients with intracranial malignant gliomas. Cancer 75:2727–2731, 1995

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Quigley MR, & Maroon JC: The relationship between survival and the extent of the resection in patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 29:385389, 1991 Quigley MR, Maroon JC: The relationship between survival and the extent of the resection in patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 29:385–389, 1991

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Rostomily RC, , Berger MS, & Ojemann GA, et al: Postoperative deficits and functional recovery following removal of tumors involving the dominant hemisphere supplementary motor area. J Neurosurg 75:6268, 1991 Rostomily RC, Berger MS, Ojemann GA, et al: Postoperative deficits and functional recovery following removal of tumors involving the dominant hemisphere supplementary motor area. J Neurosurg 75:62–68, 1991

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Sawaya R: Extent of resection in malignant gliomas: a critical summary. J Neurooncol 42:303305, 1999 Sawaya R: Extent of resection in malignant gliomas: a critical summary. J Neurooncol 42:303–305, 1999

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Sawaya R, , Hammoud M, & Schoppa D, et al: Neurosurgical outcomes in a modern series of 400 craniotomies for treatment of parenchymal tumors. Neurosurgery 42:10441056, 1998 Sawaya R, Hammoud M, Schoppa D, et al: Neurosurgical outcomes in a modern series of 400 craniotomies for treatment of parenchymal tumors. Neurosurgery 42:1044–1056, 1998

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Schulder M, , Liang D, & Carmel PW: Cranial surgery navigation aided by a compact intraoperative magnetic resonance imager. J Neurosurg 94:936945, 2001 Schulder M, Liang D, Carmel PW: Cranial surgery navigation aided by a compact intraoperative magnetic resonance imager. J Neurosurg 94:936–945, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Taylor WA, , Thomas NW, & Wellings JA, et al: Timing of postoperative intracranial hematoma development and implications for the best use of neurosurgical intensive care. J Neurosurg 82:4850, 1995 Taylor WA, Thomas NW, Wellings JA, et al: Timing of postoperative intracranial hematoma development and implications for the best use of neurosurgical intensive care. J Neurosurg 82:48–50, 1995

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Vives KP, & Piepmeier JM: Complications and expected outcome of glioma surgery. J Neurooncol 42:289302, 1999 Vives KP, Piepmeier JM: Complications and expected outcome of glioma surgery. J Neurooncol 42:289–302, 1999

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Winger MJ, , Macdonald DR, & Cairncross JG: Supratentorial anaplastic gliomas in adults. The prognostic importance of extent of resection and prior low-grade glioma. J Neurosurg 71:487493, 1989 Winger MJ, Macdonald DR, Cairncross JG: Supratentorial anaplastic gliomas in adults. The prognostic importance of extent of resection and prior low-grade glioma. J Neurosurg 71:487–493, 1989

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 4249 947 108
Full Text Views 719 58 13
PDF Downloads 412 52 4
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0