Effect of slosh mitigation on histologic markers of traumatic brain injury

Laboratory investigation

Ryan C. TurnerDepartment of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;

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Zachary J. NaserDepartment of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;

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Julian E. BailesDepartment of Neurosurgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois; and

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David W. SmithDepartment of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;

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Joseph A. FisherDepartment of Anesthesiology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Charles L. RosenDepartment of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;

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Object

Helmets successfully prevent most cranial fractures and skull traumas, but traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussions continue to occur with frightening frequency despite the widespread use of helmets on the athletic field and battlefield. Protection against such injury is needed. The object of this study was to determine if slosh mitigation reduces neural degeneration, gliosis, and neuroinflammation.

Methods

Two groups of 10 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to impact-acceleration TBI. One group of animals was fitted with a collar inducing internal jugular vein (IJV) compression prior to injury, whereas the second group received no such collar prior to injury. All rats were killed 7 days postinjury, and the brains were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections were processed and stained for markers of neural degeneration (Fluoro-Jade B), gliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein), and neuroinflammation (ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1).

Results

Compared with the controls, animals that had undergone IJV compression had a 48.7%–59.1% reduction in degenerative neurons, a 36.8%–45.7% decrease in reactive astrocytes, and a 44.1%–65.3% reduction in microglial activation.

Conclusions

The authors concluded that IJV compression, a form of slosh mitigation, markedly reduces markers of neurological injury in a common model of TBI. Based on findings in this and other studies, slosh mitigation may have potential for preventing TBI in the clinical population.

Abbreviations used in this paper:

DPBS = Dulbecco phosphate-buffered saline; FJB = Fluoro-Jade B; GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein; Iba-1 = ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1; ICP = intracranial pressure; IJV = internal jugular vein; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
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